Comparison of virus, bacteria, protist

Compare a bacteria to a virus to a protist.


A virus is an infectious agent that can replicate the things inside of a cell organism.
A bacteria is a domain of prokaryotic microorganisms.
A protist is a group of eukaryotic microorganisms.


bacteria compared to a virus: 
similarities
-can survive extreme weather
-have DNA nucleus 
-smaller than eukaryotic cells
-can be parasitic or helpful
differences:
-bacteria are living organisms, virus is not
-bacteria reproduce on it's own/ asexually where as virus needs a host
-virus have protein coat but bacteria: cell walls
-virus is deadlier than bacteria, can be dangerous and lives longer


protist compared to bacteria:
similarities
-unicellular 
-uses flagellum to maneuver
-auto and heterotrophic
-live in moist environment
-very small/ microscopic in size
-can be deadly or beneficial
-are living organisms unlike virus
differences:
-bacteria: smaller
-bacteria: only unicellular
-bacteria: can be everywhere
-bacteria: no nucleus
-protist: multicellular
-protist are not as small as bacteria
-protist: moist areas
-protist have a nucleus
-protist are pseudopods and cilia
-protist: usually = virus

protist




bacteria

virus

sources:
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios104/mike/bacteria01.htm
Campbell 6th Edition

transformation and transduction of bacteria

Describe what happens in bacterial transformation and transduction. 

The transformation occurs when the bacteria cell accepts foreign DNA and incorporates it into it's own. There was an experiment that was done to test if E. coli  will grow on amplicin, which is a piece of DNA that forms as a products of natural or artificial amplification events, on their plate. This was conducted by Flourogreen, to test a theory.Transduction is a process where DNA is transferred from bacterium to another in the method of a virus. It does not require cell-to-cell contact, and is also DNAase resistant. A common method that is involved in molecular bilogy where it introduces an outside gene into a host's cell's geneome.Thus, leading to how antibiotic drugs are present today. It helps people and is effective b.c of foreign genes into bacteria.

sources:
 Campbell, 6th edition
http://schoolworkhelper.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/gen_spec_transduction.jpg

Beneficial bacteria

Describe 3 beneficial bacteria. Include pictures.


Lactobacilli- Can be found in buttermilk, sourcream, and some desserts. The lactic acid in the bacteriaare able to convert sugar and carbohydrate into lactic acid and thus it can create a fermented taste that lowers the pH and reduce the risk of having other organisms growing on it. Also prevents gastrointestinal infections. 

Lactobacilus acidphilus-

 One of the most common probiotics. Can be found in yogurt. This basictera can be a treatment for bacterial vaginosis, which is also known as yeast infection or a disease that is caused by bacteria in the female vagina.

Lactobacillus reuteri:


 Can be found in the intestines of most animals, it fights off pathogenic bacteria. And can be found in breast milk, which prevents anti-gas effects.  

sources: 
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/beneficial-bacteria.html

virtual pond dip jar of pond water

1. Use arrows to identify the the microbes in the pond. You only need to pick 5 microbes on the picture, write their common names or phylum (group).
2. Choose ONE of the microbes in the jar and list the following information about the organism
            a) What is its size?
            b) Where are they usually found in the pond?
            c)Describe one feature that makes them interesting.


 1.
 Microbe: Rotifers; Phylum: Rotifera
microbe: Hydra; Phylum: Cnidaria
 Microbe: Rotifers; PhylMicrobe: Daphnia; 
 Microbe: Daphnia; Phylum: Crustacea
 Microbe: Amoeba; Phylum: Rhizopoda


2.:Stentor(single-celled)
2a: size: up to 2-3 mm long
2b:usually attached to plants or algaes and planktonic
2c: it is one of the largest fresh water protozoans and usually larger than some multi-celled pond animals. It also has a trumpet shape along it's body.

sources:
http://www.tnmanning.com/55cfa770.jpg
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/index.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/ponddip/index.html

microbe zoo

What is a microbe? 
-it is a microorganism like a pathogenic bacterium that is necessary for growing all crops.


List the FOUR MAJOR groups of microbes.
-virus, bacteria, protozoa, fungi


What is microbial ecology?
it is an ecology of microorganisms, is involved with one another and the environment, also involves 2 domains: archaea, bacteria, eukaryota  


Now begin browsing the sites (go back to the main page). As you go, keep a log of what kinds of microbes you find and where you found them.
Record the Zoo Location and What kinds of microbes are there? Include a short description or interesting information.
Include some pictures


-mites are microscopic creatures found in beds and couches
-thermophiles- lives in a person's hot areas: hot springs water heater, they love the hot areas and can thrive in it.  
psychrophiles- live on snow and ice but will die in room temp. They love the cold
-mycorrhizae lives inside root cells and form structures like are called arbuscules: little trees
the organs of a termite digest wood, the bacter and protist in the termites organs help it survive and thus, it provides the microbe a place to live.
-escherichia coli live inside and outside of humans and animals
-pilobolus grows on feces/dung of an animal and thus attaches to it and spreads it's spores so other animals can eat it and the cycle continues
-vibrio cholera- bacteria that causes severe diarrhea, but is treatable
-giardia lamblia is a cause of giardiasis and causes diarrhea, gas, cramps


Snack bar microbes: 
-saccharomyces cerevicae: yeast, a fungus. Can produce alcohol w.o air
-lactobacillus produces an acid that eats away the pod of coco beans.


water world microbes: rhodospirillum rubrum: purple bacteria that requires organic compounds for water:

pilobolus fungi: 

                                                                 lactobacillus: 

                                                                    giardia lamblia


sources:
 http://www.asylumresearch.com/Gallery/BioScience/Cells/GiardiaLamlia!.jpg
http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/learning/resources/Mycology/images/Topics/Animal_Interactions/Pilobolus2.jpg
http://lactobacillusacidophilus.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/lactobacillus-bulgaricus.jpg
http://4hgarden.msu.edu/kidstour/zoo/

virtual diffusion simulation

Question: What shape (radius, villi and dimples) and size allow a cell to have the highest rate of diffusion?

In order for a cell to have the highest rate of diffusion, it needs to  have a circular shape with a ratio of 10:1. There are dimples on this cell that end up having a surface area of 1. There needs to be 50% surface area for the villi for this cell in order for it to have highest rate of diffusion. The volume is about 4 in size.

source: http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/biolink/j_explorations/ch02expl.htm

compare and contrast: cellular respiration and photosynthesis

Photosynthesis: cloroplasts of the plants capture light from the sun and converts it into chemical energy stored in sugar and other molecules. 

cellular respiration: oxgyen is consumed as a reactant with organic fuel.

similarties: 

-They both utilize ATP

- Take place in organelles, cellular respiration, it takes place in the mitochondria and photosynthesis it takes       place in the chloroplast

-involve electron transport chains

-chemiomosis allows ATP synthase to produce ATP

-power is needed in both processes

differences:

-2 electrons tranport chain utilize in photosynthesis, not 1

- cellular respiration depends on oxygen as a substrate

-photosynthesis: energy is provided by photons and not catabolic processes as cellular respiration

-celluar respiration involves FADH2 and NADH

-photosynthesis involves NADPH

-photosynthesis captures enegery while cellular respiration releases it

-CO2 and H2O is a substrate in photosynthesis

celluar respiration reactants: glycogen and oxygen, products: carbon dioxide and hydrogen

-photosynthesis equadtion : 6CO2--> C6H1206+6O2

cellular respiration equation: 6O2+C6H12O6-->6CO2+6H2O

- photosynthesis reactants: carbon doxide and hydrogen products: oxygen, glucose

source: Campbell Sixth edition